Elbow Cartilage Injuries

An elbow cartilage injury is a condition where the smooth, protective cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the elbow joint becomes damaged. Cartilage plays an important role in joint function. It allows the bones to glide smoothly against one another and helps absorb shock during movement. When this tissue is injured, the elbow can become painful, stiff, and difficult to move, limiting everyday activities and athletic performance. Because cartilage has very limited ability to repair itself, an injury to this tissue often requires medical attention to prevent the problem from worsening.

What is elbow cartilage?

The elbow is a hinge joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), the ulna, and the radius (the two bones in the forearm). At the ends of these bones is articular cartilage. This material is smooth, slippery, and resilient, acting as a cushion that protects the joint during bending, straightening, throwing, or lifting. Unlike other tissues, cartilage does not have its own blood supply, which means that once damaged, it has a limited capacity to heal naturally.

What is an elbow cartilage injury?

An elbow cartilage injury occurs when this protective layer is worn down, torn, or otherwise damaged. Injuries can range from small areas of thinning to larger defects that expose the underlying bone. In athletes, especially those who play throwing sports like baseball or tennis, these injuries are more common because of the high repetitive stress placed on the joint. However, they can also occur after a traumatic accident, such as a fall, or develop slowly over time with regular wear and tear.

What are the symptoms of an elbow cartilage injury?

The symptoms of an elbow cartilage injury can vary depending on the extent and location of the damage. Common signs include:

• Pain in the elbow that worsens with activity
• Stiffness or a reduced range of motion
• Swelling in and around the joint
• A catching, clicking, or locking sensation when moving the arm
• Weakness when lifting or throwing
• A feeling of the joint being unstable or “giving out”

Some people may notice symptoms only during sports or exercise, while others may experience discomfort during daily activities like reaching, carrying groceries, or typing.

What causes an elbow cartilage injury?

There are several causes of elbow cartilage injuries. These include:

• Sports injuries: Repetitive overhead motions, such as pitching, serving in tennis, or weightlifting, can put stress on the cartilage and gradually cause damage.
• Trauma: A direct fall onto the elbow or a sudden impact can chip or tear the cartilage.
• Overuse: Occupations or activities that require constant use of the arms and elbows, such as construction work or painting, can lead to gradual breakdown of the cartilage.
• Underlying conditions: In some cases, conditions like osteochondritis dissecans (a joint disorder often affecting young athletes) or early arthritis may weaken cartilage and make it more vulnerable to injury.

How is an elbow cartilage injury diagnosed?

Diagnosing an elbow cartilage injury requires a thorough evaluation by an orthopedic specialist such as Dr. Brian Waterman. During the appointment, he will review your symptoms, medical history, and activity level. A physical examination will be performed to check for pain, range of motion, and joint stability. Imaging studies are often needed to confirm the diagnosis:

• X-rays can help rule out fractures and show changes in bone alignment.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is especially helpful because it provides detailed images of cartilage, showing even small defects.
• CT scans may be used to evaluate the bone structure if the damage is severe.
• In some cases, an arthroscopy—a minimally invasive procedure using a small camera inserted into the joint—can provide a direct view of the cartilage and help confirm the diagnosis.

What are the risks of an untreated injury?

If an elbow cartilage injury is not diagnosed and treated, it can worsen over time. Damaged cartilage does not repair itself well, and continued stress on the elbow may cause the defect to grow larger. This can lead to chronic pain, loss of motion, and decreased strength. Over the years, untreated cartilage damage can also contribute to early arthritis in the elbow, making everyday tasks increasingly difficult. Athletes may find they can no longer compete at their usual level, and active individuals may struggle with exercise and fitness routines.

When to see a doctor

It is important to see a specialist if you notice persistent pain, swelling, or mechanical symptoms like locking or catching in your elbow. Early evaluation can help prevent the injury from worsening and may allow for less invasive treatment options. Athletes, in particular, should not ignore recurring elbow discomfort, as it may signal a cartilage injury or other joint problem that requires professional care.

If you or a loved one are experiencing ongoing elbow pain, stiffness, or difficulty using your arm, do not wait for the problem to get worse. Dr. Brian Waterman, a Board-Certified and Fellowship-Trained orthopedic surgeon and Sports Medicine expert in Winston Salem, North Carolina, specializes in diagnosing and treating cartilage injuries of the elbow. With advanced training and expertise in sports-related conditions, Dr. Waterman provides personalized care to help patients restore function, reduce pain, and return to their active lifestyles. Contact his office today to schedule a consultation and take the first step toward healthier, pain-free movement.